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figurethe widow’s. Add to My Citations
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[[don’t]] know about me, without you have read a book by the name of “The Adventures of [Tom [Sawyer],”] but that ain’t no matter.] That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is [[nothing].] I never seen [[anybody]] but lied, one time or another, without it was [[aunt] [Polly],] or the widow, [or maybe] [Mary]. Aunt Polly,[—Tom’s] [aunt] Polly, she [is]—and Mary, and [the [widow] Douglas], is all told about in that book—which is [mostly] a true book; with some stretchers, as I said before.

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Now [the] way that the book winds up, is [this:] Tom and me found the money that the robbers hid in the cave, and it made us rich. We got six thousand dollars apiece—all gold. It was an awful sight of money when it was piled up. Well, [Judge Thatcher], he took it and put it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece, all the year round—more than a body could tell what to do with. The [widow] [Douglas] she took me for her son, [and allowed she would sivilize me;] but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn’t stand it no longer, I lit out. I got into my old rags, and my [sugar hogshead] again, and was free [and satisfied.] But Tom [Sawyer] he hunted me up and said he was going to [begin page 2] start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.

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The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me [a lot of] other names, too, but she never meant no harm by it. She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn’t do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. Well, then, the old thing commenced again. The widow rung a bell for supper, and you had to come to time. When you got to the table you couldn’t [go right to eating,] but you had to wait for the widow to [tuck down] her head and grumble a little over the [[victuals;]] though there warn’t really anything the matter with them. That is, nothing only everything was cooked by itself. In a [barrel of odds and ends] it is [different; things] get mixed up, and the [juice] kind of [swaps] around, and the things go better.

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[figure learning about moses and the “bulrushers.” Kemble. ]

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After supper she got out her book and learned me about [Moses and the [bulrushers],] and I was in a sweat to find out all about him; but [by and by] she let it out that Moses had been dead a considerable long time; so then I didn’t care no more about him; because I [don’t] take no stock in dead people.

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[begin page 3] Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldn’t. She said it was a mean practice and wasn’t clean, and I must try to not do it any more. That is just the way with some people. They [get down on a thing when they don’t know [nothing] about it. Here she was [a-bothering] about Moses, which was [no kin to her, and no use to anybody, being gone, you see,] yet finding a power of fault with me for doing a thing that had some good in it]. And she took snuff too; of course that was all right, because she done it herself.

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Her sister, [Miss Watson], a tolerable [[slim]] old maid, with goggles on, had just come to live with her, and [took a set at] me now, with a spelling-book. She [worked me middling hard] for about an hour, and then the widow made her [ease up.] I couldn’t stood it much longer. Then for an hour it was [[deadly] dull,] and I was [fidgety]. Miss Watson would say, “[Don’t put] your feet up [there,] [Huckleberry,][and “Don’t] scrunch up [like] that, Huckleberry—set up straight;” and pretty soon she would say, “[Don’t] [gap] [and stretch] like that, Huckleberry—why don’t you try to behave?” Then she told me all about the bad place, and I said I [wished] I was there. She got [[mad]], then, but I didn’t [begin page 4] mean no harm. All I wanted was to go [somewheres]; all I wanted was a [change—]I warn’t particular. She said it was wicked to say what I [said; said] she [wouldn’t] say it for the whole world; she was going to live so as to go to the good place. Well, I couldn’t see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind [I wouldn’t try for it.] But I never said so, because it [would only] make [trouble, and wouldn’t do no good].

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Now she [had] got a start, and she went on and told me all about the good place. She said all a body would have to do there was to [go around all day long with a harp and sing], forever and ever. So I didn’t [think much of it.] But I never said so. I asked her if she reckoned Tom Sawyer would go there, [and] she [said] not by a considerable sight. I was glad about [that, [because I wanted him and me to be together.]]

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Miss Watson she kept pecking at [me] and it got [[tiresome] and] lonesome. [By and by] they [fetched the niggers in and had prayers], and then everybody was off to bed. I went up to my room with a piece of candle and put it on the table. Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried to think of something cheerful, but it warn’t no use. I felt so lonesome I [most] wished I was [dead.] [The stars was [shining], and the leaves [[rustled]] in the woods ever so mournful; and I heard [an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was dead, and a [whippowill] and a dog crying] about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper something to me and I couldn’t make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that [a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something that’s on its mind and can’t make itself understood, and so can’t rest easy in its grave] and has to go about that way every [night,] grieving. I got [so] down-hearted and scared, I did wish I had some company. Pretty soon [a spider went crawling up my shoulder, and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle]; and before I could budge it was all shriveled up. I didn’t need anybody to tell me that that was [[an awful bad]] sign and would fetch me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of me. [I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time]; and then [I tied up a little lock of my hair] with a thread to keep witches away. But I hadn’t no confidence. You do that [when you’ve lost a horse-shoe that [you’ve found]], instead of nailing it up over the door, but I [hadn’t ever] heard anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when you’d killed a spider.

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[begin page 5] I set down again, [a-shaking] all over, and got out my pipe for a smoke; for the house was all as still as death, now, and so the widow wouldn’t know. Well, [after a long time] I heard the clock away off in the [town] go [Boom]—boom—boom—twelve [licks—]and all still again—stiller than ever. Pretty soon I heard a twig snap, down in the dark amongst the trees—something was [a-stirring]. I set still and listened. Directly I could just barely hear a “[Me-yow! me-yow!]” down there. That was [good!] Says I, [Me-yow! me-yow!] as soft as I could, and then I put out the light and scrambled out of the window onto the shed. Then I [slipped] [down] to the ground and crawled in amongst the trees, and sure enough there was Tom Sawyer [waiting] for me.]

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figure huck stealing away.

Explanatory Notes: Expand | Collapse
Textual Commentary

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These notes identify real people, places, books, and events that Mark Twain drew upon for Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They document historical, literary, and cultural allusions, parallels, analogues, or influences, both in the text and in E. W. Kemble’s illustrations.

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1 illustration The Adventures . . . Finn.] Kemble’s use of “The” in the title here is mistaken. The definite article was also mistakenly used in the running heads of the first edition,

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1.1–4 You don’t know about me . . . “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,”] In chapter 6 of Tom Sawyer (1876) Mark Twain had described Huck Finn as

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1.4 Tom Sawyer] In his preface to Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain explained that like Huck Finn, Tom Sawyer was “drawn from life,” but not from “an individual—he is a combination

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1.12 aunt Polly] Clemens said that his mother, Jane Lampton Clemens, was the prototype for Tom Sawyer’s aunt Polly: “I fitted her out with a dialect, & tried to think up other improvements for her, but did not find any” (SLC 1897–98, 49).

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1.13 Mary] Tom Sawyer’s sister and Aunt Polly’s niece, as Clemens reminded himself in 1883 (Mark Twain’s Working Notes, working note 3-1, pp. 489, 503). She was in part based upon Clemens’s older sister, Pamela, known for her “amiable deportment and faithful application to her various studies” (MTB, 139).

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1.15–16 the widow Douglas] In gratitude for Huck’s rescuing her from the malevolent designs of Injun Joe, the widow adopted Huck in the last chapters of Tom Sawyer. Earlier in that book,

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1.22 Judge Thatcher] Father of Tom Sawyer’s sweetheart, Becky Thatcher, he was described in chapter 4 of Tom Sawyer as “a fine, portly, middle-aged gentleman with iron-gray hair” and as “a prodigious personage—no less a one than the county judge” (ATS, 32–33).

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2 illustration] Kemble used a single model, for Huck and “for every character in the story,” a neighbor, sixteen-year-old Courtland P. Morris, hired at four dollars a week.

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2.15–16 Moses and the bulrushers] In 1861, when Clemens’s eight-year-old niece, Annie Moffett, attempted to explain the story of Moses in Exodus 2:1–10 to him, “he just couldn’t understand” (MTBus, 38–39; L1, 180).

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3.4–7 get down on a thing . . . that had some good in it] Huck’s remarks bear more than a passing resemblance to Clemens’s own response to similar disapproval from the Langdon family,

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3.10 Miss Watson] This dour spinster’s Hannibal prototype was Mary Ann Newcomb (1809–94), a schoolteacher of Clemens’s who for a time boarded with his family.

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4.9–10 go around all day long with a harp and sing] Mark Twain had satirized this conventional vision of heaven in a story mapped out in 1869, worked on sporadically during the 1870s,

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4.15 fetched the niggers in and had prayers] During the time of Huck’s story, “nigger” was a common colloquial term for black person, used by whites and blacks to refer to slave or freeman,

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4.19–5.12 The stars . . . waiting for me.] Compare chapter 9 of Tom Sawyer, which Mark Twain read in proof at about the time he composed the first chapters of Huckleberry Finn (ATS, 70–72; Blair 1960a, 104–5).

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4.20–22 an owl, . . . a whippowill and a dog crying] Folklore held that the cries of the owl, whippoorwill, and dog were signs or portents of death (Hyatt, items 14525, 14577–80, 14680–90, and Thomas and Thomas, items 3340–46, 3617, 3653; for descriptions of the traditions regarding death portents, see Brand, 682–83, 693–94, and Hardwick, 245).

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4.25–27 a ghost . . . can’t rest easy in its grave] An ancient belief, dating from at least the tenth century. See, for example, Hamlet, 1.5.9–13.

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4.29–30 a spider . . . lit in the candle] “If a spider is consumed through falling into a lamp, witches are near” (Thomas and Thomas, item 3808). This is apparently a variation of the widespread belief that killing a spider is unlucky (Hazlitt 1905, 2:559).

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4.34–35 I . . . turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time] Two ancient gestures for warding off evil (see, for example, Hardwick, 248). Crossing one’s breast is comparable to the Christian sign of the cross invoking the protection of the Trinity.

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4.35 I tied up a little lock of my hair] Closely tying one’s hair was supposed to protect against the designs of witches, who braided the hair of victims at night

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4.37 when you’ve lost a horse-shoe that you’ve found] Hanging a found horseshoe over a doorway was protection against witches: “Dey say de witch got to travel all over de road dat horseshoe been ’fo’ she can git in de house” (Minor, 76; see also Thomas and Thomas, item 3435, and Hazlitt 1905, 1:330–31).