Mark Twain: A Biography. The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens by Albert Bigelow Paine, with Letters, Comments and Incidental Writings Hitherto Unpublished; Also New Episodes, Anecdotes, etc. 3 vols. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1912. BAL, p. 251. Copy used: copy #1, CU-MARK. Where MTB has served as copy-text, copy #1 (publisher’s code H-M on the copyright page of volume 1, signifying the first impression, ordered in August 1912) has been collated against copy #2 (code K-K, signifying an impression ordered in October 1935, which is the latest impression located). In 1935 Paine made a few corrections in the plates, but no variants in the texts of the letters collected in the present volume have been found.

MTB was first issued in three volumes, then in four and later in two, all with the same pagination. Paine said that he had “obtained his data from direct and positive sources: letters, diaries, account-books, or other immediate memoranda” (MTB, 1:xv). His industry in this respect was such that several letters he published have not since been found in their original form and are therefore known only from his transcriptions (or occasional facsimiles) in MTB and MTL. Although the printer’s copy for MTB has not been found, it is known that Paine’s general method of acquiring letter texts was to borrow the original whenever possible, presumably transcribe it himself, probably on a typewriter, and then return the manuscript to its owner. He presumably had full access both to the documents (now in the Mark Twain Papers) that Clemens himself defined and set aside for his official biography, and to those now in the McKinney Family Papers. He also had access to at least some of the letters in the Moffett Collection, but it is not known whether these were ever fully in his hands or transcribed for him. Although he published many of the letters now in the McKinney Family Papers, he published relatively few of those in the Moffett Collection. MTB is copy-text for a few letters not republished in MTL. But letter texts in MTB are generally excerpts and, judging from collation with letters that are still extant in manuscript, they were more freely edited than the corresponding passages published in MTL. Excerpts from MTB appeared in Harper’s Monthly Magazine in thirteen installments, running from November 1911 through November 1912, hence, largely before MTB appeared in September 1912. Collation shows that when the book and the magazine both include text for a letter, they sometimes contain evidence of having each derived independently from a common source (very likely a typescript and its carbon copy), even though each has been separately copy-edited. Whenever persuasively authorial variants are found uniquely in both texts, the transcription is based on both. When such variants cannot be found, MTB is designated copy-text and the magazine, which was generally edited more heavily than the book, is treated as if it simply derived from MTB instead of their common source.

Mark Twain’s Letters, Arranged with Comment by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1917. BAL 3525. Copy used: copy #1, CU-MARK. As indicated under MTB, the letters published in MTL are generally more complete as well as more reliable than those extracted or published in full in MTB. Because printer’s copy for MTL has likewise not been found, it is not always clear what relation it bore to the printer’s copy for MTB. Transcriptions are based on both MTL and MTB only when persuasively authorial variants occur uniquely in both, thus establishing their independent derivation from the lost manuscripts. Otherwise, if a letter appears both in MTL and MTB, MTL is chosen as copy-text and MTB treated as if it simply derived from MTL instead of their common source.

Most of the letters published in MTL survive as original manuscripts. Collation of these documents with their transcriptions in MTL shows, in addition to the expected errors and omissions, that the MTL transcription always spelled out ampersands, and always imposed a uniform style on the dateline, greeting, complimentary closing, and signature lines. The uniformity of this house styling is established by a very large body of letter manuscript, and Clemens’s consistency in using certain forms is likewise established by an even larger body of evidence. When the copy-text is MTL, this evidence is considered sufficient to permit the conjectural restoration of the likely forms in the original letter, at least in these uniformly styled elements. All emendations to remove this nonauthorial styling in MTL are, of course, published.

The George H. Brownell Collection is housed in the Rare Book Department of the Memorial Library of the University of Wisconsin (WU). George H. Brownell (1875–1950) was a midwestern newspaperman who eventually became a full-time Mark Twain scholar, devoted especially to the task of obtaining photocopies (or originals) of Clemens’s uncollected journalism and letters. In 1935 he helped found the Mark Twain Society of Chicago and, in 1941, the Mark Twain Association of America. In January 1939 he became the first editor of the Twainian, a position he held until his death. In October 1936, Brownell acquired an unusual collection of Clemens material from a Mark Twain collector, Irving S. Underhill (who died in 1937, in Buffalo). According to Brownell,

the aged, bed-ridden Irving S. Underhill had begun his preparations for death by shipping the more valuable items in his Twain collection to a New York auction concern. To me, at that time, he shipped two large cartons of miscellaneous Twainiana of no sale value, but having for me an almost inestimable bibliographical value. Contained in one of those cartons was a box of Mark Twain letters—not the originals, but copies of the originals made by typewriter, pen and pencil. I never learned from Mr. Underhill how he acquired this strange collection of fully 200 Twain letters. My guess is that the copies were made by some dealer, long ago, at a time when the originals were passing through his hands to the purchaser. Mr. Underhill might then have bought or traded something to the dealer for the copies. (Brownell 1943, 2)

Brownell’s conjecture was correct. The copies had been made by Dana S. Ayer of Worcester, Massachusetts, a book and manuscript dealer who had been a salesman (as of the late 1890s) for the American Publishing Company (BAL 3521; Second Life Books, lot 764; Samuel R. Morrill to Clifton W. Barrett, 24 Apr 1957, ViU). Brownell compiled a list of Underhill’s documents, which included 158 Ayer transcriptions of Clemens letters (Brownell 1941). None of these letters was written earlier than 1867, when Clemens first corresponded with Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company. More than half of them were addressed to Bliss or to his son, Francis E. Bliss, who were both officers of the American Publishing Company. Most of the remaining letter transcriptions were addressed to Frank Fuller, Clemens’s business agent from the spring of 1867 until sometime in 1868, when Clemens presumably placed Bliss in charge of past as well as his then current business correspondence (Brownell 1941). In the fall of 1942, Brownell loaned the Ayer transcriptions to Bernard DeVoto, who in turn had the majority of them retranscribed, depositing these retranscriptions in the Mark Twain Papers (described below). Brownell ultimately bequeathed the documents to the University of Wisconsin, where they now reside.

The original manuscripts for most of the letter transcriptions in the Brownell Collection have been found and are accessible to the editors, but a few letters are known only by the copy Ayer made of the original. By assessing the overall accuracy of Ayer’s transcriptions and identifying the kinds of errors he introduced into them, it is possible to emend the texts of those few letters or parts of letters for which no manuscript survives, in order to restore the likely reading of the lost original.

This volume contains eleven letters from Brownell’s list, but only three of them depend wholly or partially on the Ayer transcription: 7 August 1867 to Fuller, now at CtY-BR, and 5 May and 3 September 1868 to Bliss. The manuscripts for three others (2 December 1867, 27 January 1868, and 4 and 6 February 1868, all to Bliss) became part of the Mark Twain Papers with the acquisition in 1957 of the Mendoza Collection (see below). The original manuscripts for two letters (24 November 1867 to Fuller, and 5 July 1868 to Bliss) are privately owned, but both owners have provided a photocopy of the original or permitted direct access to it. The University of Virginia (ViU) owns the manuscript of 7 June 1867 to Fuller, and Lehigh University (PBL) owns the manuscript of 2 December 1867 to Fuller. The manuscript of 5 December 1867 to Fuller is owned by Yale University (CtY-BR).

Bassett Collection (1955). Norman D. Bassett, a Madison alumnus, donated his Mark Twain collection to the University of Wisconsin on 9 July 1955. It contains, among its one hundred seventy-eight items, twenty-three Clemens letters, now housed in the Rare Book Department. In this volume both letters to Henry M. Crane (20 May 1867 and 3 September 1868) belong to the Bassett Collection.

The Estelle Doheny Collection at the Edward Laurence Doheny Memorial Library, St. John’s Seminary, Camarillo, California (CCamarSJ). In 1940 Estelle Doheny (1875–1958), philanthropist and widow of wealthy oil man Edward Doheny, became a major patron of St. John’s Seminary, funding the construction of its library facility and donating to that facility “her superb collection of rare books, illuminated manuscripts, paintings, paper-weights and works of art” (Mahony, 4). From 1940 until her death, Estelle Doheny donated to the seminary many literary manuscripts and manuscript fragments (about a dozen of which were Clemens’s), more than seven thousand rare books (including sixty volumes from Clemens’s library), and about fifteen hundred autograph letters (of which approximately fifty were Clemens’s). In 1987 St. John’s Seminary began liquidating the Doheny Collection at auction, and by February 1989 all the Mark Twain holdings had been sold. In this volume, there are four letters that were in the Doheny Collection, all written to Emeline B. Beach: 5 December 1867, and 1 January, 31 January, and 10 February 1868 (the last two are now in the collection of John L. Feldman). These are all the letters Clemens is known to have written Beach before his marriage, and they were eventually returned to Clemens by the addressee herself. Paine, in preparing Mark Twain: A Biography (MTB) and Mark Twain’s Letters (MTL), sent out letters of inquiry to Clemens’s friends and associates. From Emma Beach Thayer he received a response on 22 June 1907, which read in part: “The following winter [i.e., 1868] Mr. Clemens came several times to our home—went with us I think to hear Mr. Beecher preach, and wrote when he was in Washington. If he wants the letters I have them, I think” (Davis 1967a, 2). Eight months later, Clemens’s secretary, Isabel Lyon, made the following entry in her “Daily Reminder” for 1908: “Feb 12—At the King’s request I wrote Mrs. Thayer to ask if she would send down the letters the King wrote her many years ago just after the Quaker City Expedition, for the King & Paine to see. Copies can be made there or here.” The “King” in fact appears to have kept the originals. Paine, however, did not publish them in MTL or MTB, although in MTB he attributed a quotation from one of them to a letter Clemens “wrote home” (1:359). Since the Beach letters were not included in the Mark Twain Papers, they were probably kept with the private papers of Clara Clemens, and eventually sold by her or her husband, Jacques Samossoud. Mrs. Doheny purchased a substantial amount of Mark Twain materials from Maxwell Hunley, a Beverly Hills book and manuscript dealer who bought extensively at a 1951 auction of some of Clara’s holdings, and who may have sold additional Mark Twain material for Samossoud (Frederick Anderson to Robert Daley, 2 Sept 1977, CU-MARK). All four Doheny letters in this volume were again sold at auction on 17 and 18 October 1988 (Christie, lot 1186).

Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), financier, railway executive, and heir to Collis Potter Huntington’s railroad fortune, bequeathed his San Marino, California, estate as an endowed public museum and art gallery for his enormous collection of rare books, manuscripts, and paintings. The Clemens material at the Huntington Library includes literary manuscripts and nearly two hundred autograph letters. Over half of these letters are addressed to Mary Mason Fairbanks, and were bought by Henry Huntington from the Fairbanks family in 1918 (Thomas Nast Fairbanks to Dixon Wecter, 4 Dec 1947, and Wecter to Fairbanks, 6 Dec 1947, CU-MARK). There are twenty letters in this volume which belong to the Huntington Library: one to Charles Warren Stoddard, one to Abel W. Fairbanks, and eighteen to Mary Mason Fairbanks.

The Jean Webster McKinney Family Papers, housed in the Francis Fitz Randolph Rare Book Room, Helen D. Lockwood Library, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York (NPV). This collection was given to Vassar in 1977 by Jean and Ralph Connor, of Tymor Farm, LaGrangeville, New York. Jean Connor inherited the papers from her mother, Jean Webster McKinney, who had in turn inherited them from her mother, Annie Moffett Webster, Clemens’s niece and the wife of Charles L. Webster, his business partner from 1884 to 1888. The letters and other Clemens materials in the collection represent one of the three principal caches of family letters, which passed from Clemens to his mother, Jane Lampton Clemens (d. 1890), his brother Orion (d. 1897) and sister-in-law Mollie Clemens (d. January 1904), and ultimately to his sister, Pamela A. Moffett (d. August 1904). Some of these documents went eventually to Pamela’s son, Samuel E. Moffett (see Moffett Collection, below), and some to her daughter, Annie Moffett Webster. Not surprisingly, therefore, several manuscript letters are now found partly in the McKinney Family Papers and partly in the Moffett Collection.

Mollie Clemens wrote her nephew Samuel Moffett on 31 July 1899, “We never destroyed Sams letters—excepting by his request, or a few no one should see” (CU-MARK). At least one partly destroyed (censored) letter survives in this collection (see L1, 347–49), but by far the larger toll was probably taken by accidental physical damage or loss, and by the deliberate destruction, following Mollie Clemens’s death, of most of Clemens’s letters to his mother. As early as 1881, Orion Clemens had assembled a number of his brother’s letters written between about 1853 and 1865 as part of a sprawling manuscript for his own never-published autobiography, finding even then that not all the letters had been preserved intact. On 6 October 1899, Pamela Moffett sent an unknown number of original letters to her son, Samuel Moffett, then a journalist in California, saying in part that she “was sorry to see that parts of some of the letters were missing” (CU-MARK). He tried to publish at least a few of these letters in biographical sketches of Clemens, but was eventually told to preserve them for publication after Clemens’s death. Some, if not all, of these letters must eventually have become part of the Moffett Collection.

But in 1904, according to a 1935 Associated Press story in an unidentified newspaper clipping, Mollie Clemens’s executor, John R. Carpenter, burned “almost four trunks” of Clemens’s letters to his mother, “as requested by the famous humorist.” Carpenter confided his story, according to this report, to Dr. G. Walter Barr of Keokuk, who gave this account:

When Mrs. Clemens died [in 1890], ... her carefully preserved personal and family treasures went into the possession of her son, Orion. When Orion died, his wife had the succession and kept it inviolate until her own death in 1904. John R. Carpenter was administrator of Orion’s wife’s estate and the treasured archives of Mother Clemens were delivered to him. One item was a collection of letters from Mark Twain to his mother, running through many decades, from youth to worldwide fame. But with those three or four trunks of letters was an admonition. Mark Twain had enjoined his mother that she always burn his letters to her. She had not done so, but had passed on the mandamus to Orion and to the wife of the latter, and Carpenter was familiar with it. He had a treasure of incalculable value and an imperative order to destroy it. Carpenter realized fully the value of the material he was about to burn in his library grate. When I exclaimed that to destroy all those letters was a monstrous crime against biography, history and the record of a man who belonged to the whole world, he answered that he agreed with me—but what could be done under the circumstances? Mark Twain had written those letters to his mother in perfect candor—and about the whole sum of his candid writing was in them—intending and believing that nobody else would ever see them, and had ordered them burned. And so Carpenter burned every one. It took him several long evenings to complete the job thoroughly. (“Mark Twain Letters to Mother Burned at Direction of Author,” unidentified clipping, datelined 14 Dec [1935], PH in CU-MARK; the New York Times also published an abbreviated version of this story on 15 Dec 1935, 2)

That this story was not a fiction is suggested by the postscript of Clemens’s 14 February 1904 letter to Carpenter, the original draft of which survives in the Mark Twain Papers: “If there are any letters of mine, I beg that you will destroy them.”

The McKinney Family Papers consist of Clemens documents typically left by him, at various times, with his sister. They include his eariest surviving notebook (probably written in 1855; see N&J1, 11–39); half a dozen literary manuscripts, incomplete and unpublished, written principally between 1859 and 1868 (see ET&S1–3); more than six hundred letters and telegrams from Clemens to various members of his family, and to business associates like Webster, as well as family photographs and mementoes, and letters and documents by other family members and close associates (Simpson, 6–14). Twenty-nine letters in this volume, all of them addressed to Jane Clemens and family, to Pamela Moffett, or to Mollie Clemens, belong to the McKinney Family Papers.

The Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (CU-MARK). The core of this collection consists of the original documents that Clemens made available to Albert Bigelow Paine for the official biography Paine was to produce, and from which (in part) Paine eventually published his selected editions of letters, notebooks, and the autobiography. Since Clemens’s death in 1910, these papers were successively in the care of Paine (1910–37); Bernard DeVoto at Harvard (1938–46); Dixon Wecter at the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and later at the University of California in Berkeley (1946–50); Henry Nash Smith (1953–63); and Frederick Anderson (1963–79), both of the latter at the University of California in Berkeley, and both successors to Paine, DeVoto, and Wecter as the official literary executor of the Clemens estate. Upon the death of Clara Clemens Samossoud in 1962, the papers were bequeathed to the University of California, and in 1971 they became part of The Bancroft Library, where they now reside.

The original collection segregated by Clemens for Paine included forty-five of the approximately fifty extant notebooks kept between 1855 and 1910; approximately seventeen thousand letters received by Clemens or his family; an estimated six hundred literary manuscripts, most of them unpublished, including the autobiographical dictations; as well as photographs, clippings, contracts, and a variety of other documents originally owned by Clemens. Four letters in this volume are from this original collection: 19 April 1867 and 9 August 1867 to Jane Clemens and family, 14 August 1867 to Charles Duncan, and 24 September 1867 to Mr. Esais. Since Paine’s tenure, primary and secondary documents have been added in various ways to the Papers—ranging from gifts of both photocopied and original manuscripts and documents, to large purchases and bequests comprising many hundreds of documents, to the systematic compilation of a secondary archive of photocopies, collected from institutions and private owners of original documents around the world, for the specific purpose of publishing a comprehensive scholarly edition of Mark Twain’s Works and Papers.

Samossoud Collection (1952), The Mark Twain Papers. Among the documents in Clemens’s possession at the time of his death, but not included in the Mark Twain Papers or made wholly available to Paine, were the letters written to his fiancée and wife, Olivia L. Langdon, and later to their daughters, Susie, Clara, and Jean. Dixon Wecter was permitted to transcribe most of these letters, as well as some others that were still owned and separately housed by Clara. He used these transcriptions as the basis for his selected edition, The Love Letters of Mark Twain (LLMT), published in 1949, and ultimately deposited all of them in the Mark Twain Papers. On 21 March 1952, however, the University of California purchased from Clara’s husband Jacques Samossoud (d. 1966) approximately five hundred original letters written to Olivia between September 1868 and her death in 1904. Other parts of the large cache of family letters still held by Clara and her husband were sold or given at various times between 1949 and 1962 to other persons and institutions, not all of which have yet been identified. (See, for example, Doheny Collection, above. Clara likewise gave Chester L. Davis and the Mark Twain Research Foundation of Perry, Missouri, a number of Clemens’s letters, as well as some of Olivia’s.) This volume contains the first eighteen letters in the Samossoud Collection.

Moffett Collection (1954), The Mark Twain Papers. This collection represents the portion of Pamela Moffett’s papers which passed to her son, Samuel, instead of her daughter, Annie (see McKinney Family Papers, above). The collection became the property of Samuel Moffett’s daughter Anita Moffett (d. 1952), either upon his death in 1908, or upon the death of Anita’s younger brother, Francis Clemens Moffett, in 1927. The papers were discovered in 1954 by Jacob Zeitlin in a warehouse sale that included some of Anita Moffett’s effects: sixteen hundred letters by Clemens, his family, and associates (including Pamela’s letters to her son and daughter); ten scrapbooks of newspaper clippings for the period 1858–98, evidently compiled by Orion and Mollie Clemens, and containing original printings of Clemens’s (and Orion’s) western journalism, which had been largely unknown to Paine and all subsequent scholars (see MTEnt); deeds to 1860s Nevada mining claims owned by Clemens or his brother; family photographs; and a family Bible. The collection was purchased for the University of California in 1954 by a group of anonymous donors. The inventory of Clemens letters made at the time is not always specific enough to enable the editors to be certain whether some letters were part of the Moffett acquisition or were already part of the Mark Twain Papers in 1954. No letters in the present volume are in doubt, however; two belong to the Moffett Collection: 20 May 1867 and 7 June 1868, both to Jane Clemens and family.

Mendoza Collection (1957), The Mark Twain Papers. In January 1957 the University of California purchased a collection of one hundred sixteen Clemens letters written between 1867 and 1905 (all but one of them to Elisha Bliss or Henry H. Rogers), as well as eleven other miscellaneous items. This collection was offered for sale to the University by Aaron Mendoza of the Isaac Mendoza Book Company, New York City. The Mark Twain Papers now contain about eighty-five letters to Rogers (or members of his family) and forty-nine original letters to Elisha Bliss or Francis E. Bliss. Of the total, all but roughly twenty letters were part of the Mendoza Collection, which contributes three letters to this volume: 2 December 1867, 27 January 1868, and 4 and 6 February 1868, all to Elisha Bliss. See also Brownell Collection, above.

Stanton Collection (1961), The Mark Twain Papers. In 1961 the University of California purchased from Mrs. Alice P. Stanton of Washington, D.C., two letters written to John Stanton (Corry O’Lanus), her husband’s grandfather, on 14 May and 20 May 1867. Both letters are published in this volume.

Tufts Collection (1971), The Mark Twain Papers. The James and John M. Tufts Collection was assembled chiefly by James Tufts, an acquaintance of Clemens’s and, for more than forty years (1892–1935), a prominent San Francisco journalist who at various times was an editor for the Call, the Chronicle, and the Examiner. The collection was purchased in 1971 from Tufts’s son, Dr. John M. Tufts of Kentfield, California. It includes twenty-three original letters by Clemens to various correspondents, literary manuscripts, first printings of his sketches, first editions of his books, and photographs. One letter in this volume belongs to the Tufts Collection: 23 April 1867 to Charles Warren Stoddard.

Appert Collection (1973 and 1977), The Mark Twain Papers. The gift of Mr. and Mrs. Kurt E. Appert of Pebble Beach, California, this collection includes more than fifty letters by Clemens to various correspondents, literary manuscripts, photographs, letters from various hands to Clemens, first editions of his works, and books from his library. No letters in this volume belong to the Appert Collection.